Demyelinating diseases of the nervous system

Demyelinating diseases of the nervous system are a group of pathologies characterized by damage to the myelin sheaths of neurons, which leads to a weakening or complete cessation of nerve impulse transmission and the development of neurological disorders. The process can spread to the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS).

This disease group includes:
    • opticoneuromyelitis, or Devic's disease;
    • multiple sclerosis;
    • multiple encephalomyelitis;
    • acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.

The pathology progresses rapidly and depending on the localization of the lesion can be accompanied by different manifestations, up to the disorder of vital functions - hearing, vision, speech, etc. Therefore, it is important to know the first signs and if they appear, immediately go to see a specialist.

Symptoms and Signs

The clinical picture is determined by which part of the CNS or PNS is affected, so it is difficult to identify common signs of demyelination. The most common condition is multiple sclerosis, which is characterized by:
    • cognitive disorders – decreased memory, performance, attention;
    • paralysis of the eye muscles;
    • muscle spasms;
    • increased tendon reflexes;
    • visual impairment;
    • attacks of dizziness;
    • coordination disorder;
    • sexual dysfunction;
    • urinary incontinence, etc.

When demyelinating changes spread to the PNS, limb paresis, joint pain, heart rhythm disorder, blood pressure fluctuations, etc. are observed.

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Reasons

It is believed that demyelinating diseases develop against a background of hereditary predisposition and the influence of unfavorable external factors on the body. Possible causes:
    • autoimmune pathology;
    • Infectious processes (herpes, rubella, measles, etc.);
    • metabolic disorders;
    • vitamin B12 deficiency in the body;
    • severe intoxications.

Most often these pathologies are associated with autoimmune disorders.
Depending on the mechanism, there are two types of demyelinating diseases:
    • caused by the destruction of myelin under the influence of external factors;
    • accompanied by the synthesis of myelin with already existing defects, which leads to its destruction at a later date.

Diagnostic methods

VIVERE CLINIC patients undergo a comprehensive evaluation to determine the type of pathology, the extent of demyelinating changes, and their localization, as well as to find the cause of this disorder. All of these factors are important for the selection of an effective treatment.
Particular attention is given to differential diagnosis since this group of diseases is symptomatically similar to many neurological disorders.

The following methods can be used to confirm the diagnosis:
    • Laboratory tests of cerebrospinal fluid for detection of antibodies;
    • MRI of the brain and spinal cord;
    • EEG-evoked potentials;
    • electromyography.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of nerve myelin sheath destruction, it is possible to minimize the exposure of the body to unfavorable factors. First of all, any infections and autoimmune diseases should be promptly treated, alcohol abuse should be avoided, other toxic influences on the body should be avoided, and a rational diet should be avoided.

Treatment

Demyelinating diseases cannot be completely cured, but doctors at our clinic, based on the results of a comprehensive examination, find the cause of their development and select the therapy aimed specifically at its leveling. Thus, it is possible to effectively combat exacerbations, stop the process of destruction of the substance, and even contribute to remyelination.

Timely treatment can restore CNS function and improve the quality of life of the patient, avoiding irreversible processes. In the case of CNS or PNS demyelination, they can be used:
    • immunosuppressive therapy;
    • administration of immunoglobulins;
    • plasmapheresis.

Drugs and methods are selected individually, depending on the type of pathology and the degree of its progression, associated neurological symptoms, the age of the patient, etc.

Recommendations

An appointment for a consultation with a doctor is necessary if the slightest signs of damage appear because the loss of a significant amount of myelin gradually leads to the degeneration of the axon, and then - and the body of the neuron. These processes are irreversible and are accompanied by severe consequences.

Cost

The price of diagnosis and treatment at the VIVERE CLINIC depends on the methods used and is formed individually. You can ask our manager about the cost of individual services.
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